Animal models that recapitulate human disease are greatly needed. Leveraging xenograft tumors derived from patients with advanced HCCs and a commercially available immunodeficient mouse strain that expresses human GM-CSF and IL-3, we demonstrate a novel but accessible approach for modeling the HCC tumor microenvironment. Kelley, et al. JHEP Reports (2024): 101264.

Triple immuno fluorescence for the macrophage marker CD68, arterial marker smooth muscle actin (SMA), and 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) stain (marks cell nuclei) on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) specimens containing tris-acryl gelatin microspheres. The foreign body reaction, as indicated by macrophage number, differs between embolic type and vascular location. Extra = extravascular, Intra = intravascular. Tischfield et al., Radiology 2022.

3D surface plot of 2D linear interpolation of pH measurements demonstrating cytotoxic pHs generated adjacent to the anode and cathode following electrolytic ablation. Perkons et al., Communications Biology 2018.